Temperate forest agriculture
As a result of their location, these regions tend to be on the cool end of oceanic climates.
These are the climates that are typically found at southernmost portion of the temperate zone between 23.5° and 35° north or south, and thus are far more influenced by the tropics than any other tepid climate type, usually having warmer temperatures over the year, longer summers and mild, short winters. These are expressed on the landscape as continued clearing for settlement and agriculture in some regions, abandonment of agriculture and reforestation in other regions, and widespread alteration in landscape spatial structure and biodiversity. Among insects, for example, the beetle family Carabidae has 9% of its species living arboricolously in Maryland, 49% in Panama, and 60% or more at the equator in South America.Tropical forests, in contrast, have few if any coniferous trees; only forests at higher elevations and/or located closer to subtropical zones have coniferous trees. Many animals escape the harsh conditions by migrating to warmer regions in winter. At present, there is negligible large-scale reforestation in temperate China and significant soil erosion problems hampering reforestation.Forest clearing for agriculture in Europe began over 5000 years ago starting in present-day Turkey and Greece and moving northwest through Middle Europe to Northern Europe. Temperate forests are generally found at the middle latitudes (between 20° and 50° in both the southern and northern hemispheres), where precipitation is adequate to support tree growth.The objectives here are to provide an overview of the distribution of temperate forests globally; their structure and composition; evolutionary history; diversity, endemism, and rarity; ecosystems services provided; current conservation status; and current threats.The longest histories of substantial forest clearing have been in Asia and Europe. (The forests that occupied the best soils in most regions, however, have been cleared almost completely to make way for agriculture.) The microhabitat and its substrates are forever present across the forest; each individual branch being ephemeral. In the early 1990s, Nadkarni and Longino demonstrated that epiphytic material is fraught with macroinvertebrates, and Coxson and Nadkarni later showed that epiphytic material is important in the acquisition, storage, and release of nutrients.Lowland tropical forests are subjected to mild temperatures, without frost, but have both wet (sometimes severe) and dry seasons. Other animals store food and burrow underground to escape the cold. Farming is a large-scale practice in the temperate regions (except for Boreal/Subarctic regions) due to the plentiful rainfall and warm summers, because most agricultural activity occurs in the spring and summer, cold winters have a small effect on agricultural production. Summers are mild, and average about 70°F (21°C), while winter temperatures are often well below freezing. Conventional yield = X, and food forest is Y. X is bigger than Y, therefore, Y sucks. In these the temperatures remain relatively cool through most of the year as opposed to mild and warm in the subtropics and cold in the subpoles. Australia first saw introduction of European agricultural practices only approximately 150 years ago.While rates of tropical deforestation increased between 50 and 90% in the 1980s, the area of temperate forests has remained constant or increased in the last 50 years in the form of new second-growth forests. Eventually, such a branch loses its dried leaves and crashes to the forest floor. Because most the the trees are hardwood they are valued for the density of the wood.
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